Hare psychopathy checklist .pdf download

Source: Hare, In research on psychopathy, it is often necessary to identify groups of inmates with high, medium, and low levels of psychopathy using specific cut off scores Wong, The items can also be summed to yield scores on two distinct, yet moderately correlated. Factor 1 of the PCLR reflects the affective and interpersonal features of psychopathy. The items in this factor are concerned with impressions and inferences about interpersonal processes and are typically scored using both file information and impressions formed during the interview.

In particular, this factor reflects the psychopaths verbal and interpersonal style. The items that define the factor predominately depend on identifying the occurrence of specific behaviors, most often using the inmates file.

Criminal versatility Note: A dash indicates the item does not load on either factor. The PCLR is completed on the basis of a semi-structured interview of 90 to mins duration. The PCL-R can be scored on the basis of file information alone, provided that the material contained in the files is extensive and detailed.

It is important to note, that the PCL-R cannot be scored on the basis of an interview alone Hare, The PCL-R is costly to administer in terms of time and effort, as access to detailed interview and case history information, including criminal record is required. Fulero described the PCL-R as the state of the art, both clinically and in research use. Early indications from several studies are encouraging.

Thus far, it appears that the distribution of scores and reliability are comparable with those obtained in male samples. However, it appears that several items may not be as useful with female offenders as they are with male offenders Hare, The mean score for the sample was The mean total scores pooled across two raters was Interestingly, the sex of the rater appears to make little difference in the PCL and PCL-R assessments of male inmates or forensic patients.

The results of the study show the interrater reliability and internal consistency to be high. The ICC for single and average ratings was. The alpha coefficient was. Reliability: Cronbachs Alpha. Classical indices of reliability alpha coefficients, inter- and intra-rater reliability ranged from.

Internal consistency was assessed by Cronbarchs coefficient alpha, which ranged from. These results indicate that the PCL-R is a homogeneous, unidimensional scale. The mean correlation among the items on the PCL for samples 1 to 3 were. These values are all consistent with the use of the PCL as a homogeneous, unidimensional scale. Test-Retest Reliability and Inter-rater Reliability. The generalizability coefficients were. The generalizability coefficient for a test-retest study was.

Alpha coefficient Study N 72 71 Rater 1. The results indicate that the instrument is a very reliable generalizable instrument when used with prison populations.

These patients were assessed at intake, and then reassessed by a second rater blind to the intake assessment after a period of one month. The test-retest reliability of the PCL-R total scores was. According to Hare properly conducted assessments should routinely produce inter-rater reliabilities intra-class correlations of at least. Item Reliability. Parasitic lifestyle Poor behavioral control Promiscuous sexual behavior Early behavior problems Lack of realistic long-term goals Impulsivity Irresponsibility Failure to accept responsibility for own actions Many short-term marital relationships Juvenile delinquency Revocation of conditional release Criminal versatility.

The value of the PCL-R in forensic and clinical settings is supported by evidence of its predictive validity. According to Serin , the PCL-R is equal to actuarial risk scales in predicting general recidivism, but is superior in predicting violent recidivism. Criminal Violence. Psychopathic criminals tend to commit more crimes and are more violent that non-psychopaths. The discriminate functions were highly significant. Note: Za Testing the difference between the correlations of Factor 1 and Factor 2 with the variable.

Violent Recidivism A study conducted by Hart, Kropp, Hare concluded that psychopaths were more likely to violate the conditions of their release than non-psychopaths and the PCL total scores were found to be useful in predicting release outcome. The relative risk for violent recidivism was 1. The results showed that the high psychopathy group differed significantly from each of the other groups.

On average, the high psychopathy group remained in the program for a shorter period of time, put in less effort, and showed less improvement, than did either of the others groups. Content Validity. The items of the PCL-R are generally consistent with traditional and current clinical views on the personality traits and behaviors that define the construct of psychopathy. The pattern of total scores is consistent with clinical descriptions of the psychopath as superficial, callous, exploitative, egocentric, emotionally shallow, non-anxious, and with little evidence of psychotic symptoms.

Global clinical ratings and Checkleys core criteria for psychopathy correlated highly with Factor 1 and Factor 2 Hare, Construct Validity. The PCL-R has good construct validity. A study conducted by Hart and Hare, examined the association between psychopathy and other mental disorders Axis I and Axis II criteria of the DSM in 80 male forensic patients. The internal consistency of these final ratings Cronbachs alpha was. Preliminary analyses suggested that the factor structure of the PCL-R was identical to that obtained in criminal, non-psychiatric populations.

In summary, PCL-R total scores were positively correlated with ratings of antisocial, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorder and negatively correlated with ratings of avoidant personality disorder. Although, the PCL and APD are designed to measure a more or less common construct and are significantly correlated with one another, they are not equivalent or interchangeable.

A diagnosis of APD depends on almost entirely on evidence of antisocial behaviors, and, as a result, base rates in forensic populations are typically above.

In contrast,. Convergent Validity. Convergent validity for the PCL-R has been demonstrated by its strong relationship. Discriminate Validity. Research on the discriminate validity of psychopathy diagnoses has important theoretical and practical implications.

It may yield clues concerning the position of psychopathy in a hierarchical structure of mental disorders. It may also help to improve predictions about future behavior and response to treatment in cases where disorders are thought to co-exist.

PCL total scores were either uncorrelated or negatively correlated with these measures. However, in the Hart and Hare , several methodological factors need considerations. Norms: The normative data of the PCL-R is derived mainly from studies of White males detained in a prison or a forensic psychiatric institute.

The descriptive statistics for the PCL-R were drawn from 11 different samples; 7 samples comprised male prisoners and 4 samples comprised forensic psychiatric patients. Source: Hare, The mean PCL-R scores in male and female offender populations typically range from approximately 22 to 24, with a standard deviation of from 6 to 8. Mean scores in forensic psychiatric populations are somewhat lower, about 20, with about the same standard deviation Hare, Cross Cultural Comparisons: The empirical literature strongly suggest that psychopathy as measured by the PCL-R is highly generalisable within North American correctional and forensic psychiatric populations Hare, However, there is no systematic research looking at its generalisability to cultures and countries outside North America.

A study by Raine assessed the cross-cultural generalisability of the checklist and concluded that Hares checklist is applicable to an English prison population.

Cookes study of the Scottish prison population indicated that the underlying constructs being measured in North America and Scotland were similar. Wongs random sample of Canadian federal prisoners included both white and Native Indians. The study indicated that there was little difference between the two groups in the distribution, reliability, external correlates, or factor structure of the PCL.

Due to the limited amount of data available in relation to the use of the PCL-R with different racial groups only tentative conclusions can be made: The reliability of the PCL and the PCL-R total scores does not differ among the racial groups studied thus far, Racial differences in mean PCL-R total scores appear to be relatively small in practical terms and may be attributable more to sampling error than race, The external correlates of the PCL-R total scores are similar for racial groups, More data is required before one can determine whether or not the factor structure of the PCL and PCL-R is the same for other racial groups as it is for Whites Hare, The instrument has been designed to measure traits of psychopathy.

Total scores reflect the extent to which an individual matches the prototypical psychopath. The scale has also been used successfully in other populations, including adult male European offenders, young male offenders, adult female offenders, and various groups of nonoffenders. The items have good validity and the total scores have high internal consistency and item homogeneity.

Furthermore, the interrater reliability of individual items is acceptable, and the interrater and test-retest reliabilities of total scores range from good to excellent.

Finally, the PCL-R has a clear pattern of convergent and discriminant validities. References Cacciola, J. The use of the Psychopathy Checklist with opiate addicts. In Hare, R. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems. Cleckley, H. The mask of sanity. Lousis, MO: Mosby. Cooke, D. An item response theory analysis of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised.

Psychological Assessment, 9 1 , Psychological Assessment. Fulero, S. Reviews of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist Revised. Legal and Criminological Psychology. Forth, A. Assessment of psychopathy in male young offenders. Psychological Assessment, 2, Grann, M.

Psychopathy PCL-R predicts violent recidivism among criminal offenders with personality disorders in Sweden. Law and Human Behavior, 23 2 , Reliability of file-based retrospective ratings of the psychopathy with the PCL-R.

Journal of Personality Assessment, 70 3 , Green, S. Limitations of coefficient alpha as an index of test dimensionality. In Harpur, T. Two-factor conceptualization of psychopathy: Construct validity and assessment implications. Hare, R. Diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder in two prison populations. American Journal of Psychiatry, , The Hare Psychopathy Checklist Revised.

In Cooke, D. Psychopathy: A clinical construct whose time has come. Criminal Justice and Behavior. The Revised Psychopathy Checklist: Descriptive statistics, reliability, and factor structure. Harpur, T. Violent and aggressive behavior by criminal psychopaths. Harris, G. Violent recidivism among psychopaths and non-psychopaths treated in a therapeutic community. In Serin, R. Predictors of psychopathy and release outcome in a criminal population. Violent recidivism of mentally disordered offenders: The development of a statistical prediction instrument.

Criminal Justice and Behavior, 20, Hart, S. Discriminant Validity of the Psychopathy Checklist in a forensic psychiatric population. The performance of male psychopaths following conditional release from prison. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, Kosson, D. Evaluating the construct validity of psychopathy in Black and White male inmates: Three preliminary studies.

Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 99 3 , Neary, A. Newman, J. Passive avoidance learning in psychopathic and nonpsychopathic offenders. In Hart, S. Discriminate validity of the Psychopathic Checklist in a forensic psychiatric population. Ogloff, J. Treating adult psychopaths in a therapeutic community program within a correctional setting. Psychological Assessment, 11 1 , Peterson, B. RT variability related to resolving flanker interference and subsequent motor response processes may be much larger than the cue effects, potentially obscuring variability related to the cue conditions.

To improve the sensitivity of the alerting and orienting estimates, we used event-related potentials ERPs as well as RTs to estimate the three attention networks. Alerting and orienting were assessed using the occipital P1 event-related potential ERP component. The P1 provides a relatively direct and sensitive index of where attention is directed in space, without contamination from response-related processes see.

Thus, the P1 response to the target should be smallest for the no cue condition, which provides neither temporal nor spatial information about the upcoming target, somewhat larger for the central cue condition, which provides temporal information about the upcoming target, and largest of all for the spatial cue condition, which allows participants to focus their attention directly on the location of the upcoming target see Fig. ERP indices of flanker interference are not as well established.

Although fMRI studies have consistently shown that frontal executive areas, including the anterior cingulate cortex, are activated by conflict and interference ; , these findings are not readily translated to ERP measures. We chose to examine the N, which has been associated with conflict processing on Stroop-like tasks e. We expected incongruent flankers to produce a more negative N response and a more positive P3b response relative to congruent flankers.

Deficits in alerting would interfere with the detection of new or unexpected events by dampening perceptual sensitivity i. We did not expect to find deficits in executive attention, given that existing studies have generally shown good executive function EF among psychopathic individuals, and there is a large body of work demonstrating normal or better conflict resolution on stroop and flanker paradigms e.

Finally, it is important to note that our hypotheses, like the findings reviewed throughout the introduction, are based on the measurement of psychopathy as a unitary construct i. However, psychopathy can also be subdivided into two, three, or four correlated factors reflecting different clusters of symptoms see Patrick There is increasing interest in examining the unique correlates of different factors, which may differ from those of the overarching construct.

To allow examination of differential effects, we report results for APSD subscales as well as the total score. However, we direct our hypotheses to APSD total scores. Youth at risk for psychopathology were oversampled by placing flyers at counseling and family service agencies. A brief telephone screening was used to ensure that participants met the following inclusion criteria: normal or corrected-to-normal vision, functional use of both hands, English fluency, and no history of traumatic brain injury, epilepsy, or seizures.

The APSD is a item questionnaire designed to assess behaviors and attitudes in youth that are associated with adult psychopathy. Subscale alphas ranged from 0. The CBCL is a item questionnaire designed to assess behavioral and emotional problems in youth ages 6—18 years. The CBCL produces age- and gender-normed T-scores indexing internalizing problems, externalizing problems, and total problems, as well as subscales such as attention problems, depression, and anxiety.

The item BRIEF assesses behavior regulation inhibition, shifting, emotional control and metacognitive skills initiation, planning, working memory, organization, self-monitoring. The ANT is a computerized task designed to assess alerting, orienting, and executive attention see Fig.

Participants indicated the direction of a target arrow by pressing a left or right response key with their left or right index finger, respectively. The target and flankers appeared in either the upper or lower half of the screen equiprobable and remained visible until the participant responded or until 2 s elapsed.

Each target-flanker presentation was preceded by a ms cue and a 1, ms cue-to-target interval. Each cue condition including no cue was preceded by a fixation cross of variable duration —2, ms. RT and ERP measures of the three attention networks were obtained by comparing target responses under the following conditions: no cue versus central cue alerting , central cue versus spatial cue orienting , and congruent flankers versus incongruent flankers executive attention.

All procedures were carried out in one 2-hour laboratory testing session. After informed parent consent and child assent were obtained, the parent was shown to a waiting area to complete the questionnaires and the child was brought to the EEG laboratory. The ANT was one of several computerized tasks administered in counter balanced order during the testing session.

Participants were instructed to keep their gaze focused on the central fixation point throughout the task and to respond as quickly and accurately as possible.

Total time to complete all tasks was approximately 1 h. The data were analog filtered with a 0. The EEG was referenced to the vertex during acquisition. A Hz notch filter was applied prior to the analysis of the EEG data. EEG data were segmented off-line into ms epochs spanning ms before to ms after the appearance of the target. Trials with incorrect behavioral responses were excluded from analyses.

Individual epochs were screened for eye blinks, eye movements, bad channels, and other noncephalic artifacts. Uncontaminated trials were averaged to create the individual subject waveforms, which were baseline corrected over the ms pretarget interval and transformed into an average reference representation. Individual-subject average waveforms were averaged together to derive the group grand-average wave-forms. Based on previous research and the grand-average waveforms, the time windows used to extract the P1 and P3b components from the individual-subject waveforms were — ms and — ms post target, respectively.

For these components, a positive peak was identified within the specified window for each individual subject, and an average was obtained for a ms window centered on the peak. The N was measured as the average amplitude of the EEG between ms and ms post target. Separate averages were created for each participant for each of the two target conditions incongruent or congruent flankers and the three cue conditions no cue, central cue, and spatial cue.

Electrodes used for quantification of the P1, P3b, and N components were selected based on previous studies and the locations of maximal component amplitude in the grand-average waveforms. The P1 component was measured using the average of 14 occipital-parietal sites 7 per hemisphere that included O1 and O2 Fig.

The occipital red , parietal orange , and medial frontal blue electrode groups used in statistical analyses. Mean accuracy was RT difference scores were created to index alerting central cue minus no cue , orienting spatial cue minus central cue , and executive attention incongruent flankers minus congruent flankers, hereafter referred to as conflict.

Means and standard deviations are presented in Table 2. Individual differences were examined by means of bivariate correlations between each of the three attention measures and the APSD total score. One participant was excluded from further analysis because of ERP difference scores that were greater than three standard deviations from the mean, resulting in a total of 42 participants for the ERP analyses.

The exclusion of this participant had no meaningful effects on the previously reported RT results. ERP amplitude difference scores were computed to create measures of alerting central cue minus no cue , orienting spatial cue minus central cue , and conflict incongruent flankers minus congruent flankers.

Alerting and orienting effects were examined for P1, and conflict effects were examined for the P3b and N components. Before examining individual differences, we conducted a series of one-sample t -tests to identify which components showed significant main effects of attention.

Contrary to expectations, the P3b was larger for targets with congruent versus incongruent flankers. Grand-average waveforms for each cue condition are shown for electrode site O1 in Fig. Grand-average waveforms for the flanker conditions are shown for sites Fz, Cz, and Pz in Fig. Target-locked grand-average waveforms for cue conditions at occipital site O1.

Target onset occurred at time zero. Target locked grand-average waveforms for incongruent and congruent flankers at Fz, Cz, and Pz. Individual differences were examined for components that showed significant main effects of attention alerting P1, orienting P1, and conflict P3b. Difference scores were corrected for mean amplitude. Target-locked grand average alerting waveforms for participants in the highest and lowest APSD quintiles.

Waveforms are shown for occipital sites O1 and O2. To better understand the processes underlying the reduced P1 alerting effects among youth with higher APSD scores, we examined correlations between APSD total score and P1 amplitude for each of the three cue conditions no cue, central cue, spatial cue. These results suggest that youth with psychopathic characteristics had particular difficulty using the central cue to prepare for the upcoming target.

We examined the relationships between three attention networks alerting, orienting, and executive attention and psychopathic symptoms in a community sample of youth and found an association between psychopathic symptoms and reduced attentional alerting.

For youth with higher APSD scores, attention to the target, as assessed by the early sensory response over visual cortex P1 , was not improved by the prior presentation of a central, temporal cue. This relationship between psychopathy and alerting persisted even after controlling for global executive skills, ADHD symptoms, and symptoms of general psychopathology internalizing and externalizing.

APSD total scores were not associated with either behavioral or ERP indices of attentional orienting and executive attention, although there was evidence of weak executive attention among youth with higher scores on the Impulsivity subscale. Despite the strong association between psychopathy and the P1 alerting response, there was no relationship between psychopathy and the RT measure of alerting.

That is, the reduction in attention indicated by the P1 did not translate to slower behavioral responses to the target. The behavioral response is well downstream of the initial ERP response to the target i. RT differences in alerting might be more evident on simple target-detection tasks that strongly emphasize response speed.