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Avoid furniture polishing when at home. Use indoor plants, air purifiers. Shuchin Bajaj, Internal Medicine Founder Director , Ujala Cygnus Group of Hospitals states, "Smoke from cooking and smoking tobacco comprise a large chunk of the indoor air pollution, which, when mixed with ambient pollutants, increase the amount of ozone O3 and nitrogen dioxide NO2 , particulate matter PM and carbon monoxide CO.

The wind speed in winters slows down which compels the pollutants to remain within the lower parts of the atmosphere, as a result, we inhale more pollutants than any other time of the year.

The increase in heart attack risk could be due to weather's effect on the circulatory system. Cold and wind cause the body to contract the blood vessels of the skin to preserve temperature and energy. This causes the heart to pump more due to higher resistance, which increases the stress on the heart and may trigger a heart attack. This is especially so during the cold winter months when the doors and windows are kept closely shut.

Indoor air pollution has been linked to a wide variety of adverse health effects, including headaches, frequent colds and sore throats, respiratory problems, chronic cough, eye irritation, lethargy, skin rashes, dizziness and memory lapses. To keep the air inside the house or office pollutant free, it is important to use aerosol free products, instead of scented cleaning products.

Also, it is important to clean the duct and filters regularly to make sure you get filtered clean air and use natural air purifiers like indoor plants as they remove formaldehyde, benzene, and trichloroethane from the air and replace it with oxygen. One can even install air purifiers inside the house to get rid of indoor air quality problems. Himanshu Agarwal, CEO, Magneto CleanTech, a company which develops central air purification systems and technologies to tackle the problem of poor indoor air quality in developing nations believes, "Although pollution has been a longstanding subject of public debate, there is a dire need to shift the focus of this conversation from outdoor to indoor air pollution, where people have a much higher exposure.

We are all responsible for pollution with our lifestyle and consumption habits particularly within our homes, where self-created air pollution can lead to 10x worse indoor air quality than outdoors.

We as a civil society must also educate ourselves and others on the imperative of tackling indoor air pollution with a sense of urgency. Air pollution is a long-haul challenge and not a seasonal or regional issue. Remember, China and many others is still struggling with pollution despite having taken stringent measures for many years now. Furthermore, in these times of the pandemic, the connection between pollution and air borne infections must not be lost sight of.

Air Pollution has all kinds of respiratory, cardiac, mental and immune impacts on humans, especially children. However, with technological advancements, one can ensure complete protection from air pollution and airborne viruses for their loved ones. Reference Products 3. Database Products 4. Education and Training Products 5. Kiosk 6. Entertainment and Games Total views , On Slideshare 0. From embeds 0. Number of embeds Downloads 9, Shares 0.

Comments 0. Likes You just clipped your first slide! Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. Visibility Others can see my Clipboard. Alexa capabilities also allow customers to check the news, weather and for any scheduled meetings using simple voice commands. SiriusXM with L 3 debuts on Range Rover, offering an extensive and personalized radio experience on the road.

The advanced in-car technology guides users through the largest in-car catalogue of SiriusXM channels, shows and exclusive content for a ride that's unique to the driver. The New Range Rover combines supreme on-road and all-terrain capability with electrified propulsion and new levels of connected capability. In the quest for comfort, we have been obsessed with human science and understanding brain activity to minimize cognitive impact and ensure these advanced technologies work in absolute harmony, creating a truly effortless driving experience.

The It provides intuitive control of all the major vehicle functions, using the latest consumer technology to deliver a smartphone-inspired interface, allied to convenient hard switches for the climate control. Pivi Pro 6 works in harmony with an elegant new semi-floating Customers can choose from a variety of configurations, including a conventional analogue layout, using the steering wheel controls. For the first time in a Land Rover vehicle, the central display will provide haptic feedback when customers touch and press the screen.

Allowing users to feel a positive confirmation without the need to glance at the screen, it reduces the need to look away from the road and makes Pivi Pro even more intuitive 6. Rear passengers can enjoy a new optional Rear Seat Entertainment system, which provides adjustable They can be operated independently and support the connection of most devices with an HDMI port, while using Wi-Fi hotspot9 capability means rear-seat passengers can enjoy smart TV entertainment on the move.

The available eight-inch Rear Seat Touchscreen Controller mounted in the center armrest of Executive Class Rear Seats provides quick and intuitive control for the perfect seating position, elevating the luxurious rear-seat experience.

New Maneuvering Lights help drivers complete low-speed maneuvers in dimly lit surroundings with complete confidence, by creating a blanket of light around the perimeter of the vehicle, working with the 3D Surround Camera system to provide maneuverability 7. The flagship of the Land Rover family represents the pinnacle of refined capability thanks to advanced hardware and software systems working in complete harmony, enabled by the new MLA-Flex body architecture.

The New Range Rover combines advanced hardware with a pioneering toolkit of digital technologies and software, all enabled by our advanced electrical architecture — moving Range Rover from a mechanical world to a mechatronic ecosystem that delivers an intuitive drive. Our new Integrated Chassis Control system is a prime example of this philosophy and co-ordinates a suite of predictive and reactive technologies, that make this the most comfortable and agile Range Rover ever produced.

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The New Range Rover maintains its compelling combination of effortless performance and peerless refinement with a comprehensive line-up of advanced six- and eight-cylinder powertrains. Together, the powertrain provides up to 62 miles10 of near-silent pure-electric driving. The hp PHEV can reach up to 87mph5 without the use of the gasoline engine allowing customers to enjoy pure-electric driving for most journeys in town and country. The clever packaging of the battery, beneath the vehicle and within the wheelbase, ensures both luggage space and all-terrain capability are uncompromised.

The use of advanced eHorizon navigation data also allows the hybrid system to optimize energy usage across a journey, to provide a peaceful arrival at a destination on electric power, while also optimizing EV usage. The six-cylinder Ingenium engine features the latest volt mild hybrid technology. The New Range Rover SV will provide an exquisite interpretation of Range Rover luxury and personalization, giving customers even more scope to create a truly individual vehicle with a choice of exclusive design themes, details and material choices from SV.

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In the case of Range Rover, that means injecting even more luxury into every part of the car. With more choice than ever before, our customers will be able to create a new Range Rover SV that truly reflects their personality, their dreams, their desires.

That is how we interpret modern luxury. Both Standard and Long Wheelbase body designs — including a five-seat LWB configuration for the first time — are available with specially curated SV Serenity and SV Intrepid design themes, which introduce two-tone front-to-rear contrasting colorways to Range Rover.

In one of its definitions, nanochemistry 1 , 2 focuses on the intriguing and diverse analogies between molecular-scale and nanosized species. Larger, superparamagnetic and superferromagnetic nanoparticles NPs behave in many ways like atoms of paramagnetic and ferromagnetic metals, respectively 4 , 5. NPs can also be assembled into one-dimensional 1D structures in a process similar to the polymerization of small molecules 8 ; indeed, the ability to visualize NPs by electron microscopy has been utilized to validate theoretical models developed for molecular polymerization.

This analogy was further extended to copolymerization 9 and arresting polymerization with chain stoppers NP analogues of alloys and intermetallic compounds have been reported 13 and very small NPs within binary assemblies were shown to behave as nanoscale electron equivalents Furthermore, analogies between molecular-scale and nanosized species extend to chemical reactions Similar to molecules, NPs can react with themselves 16 , be subjected to oxidation 17 , cation 18 and anion 19 exchange, and to other, more complex reactions, such as galvanic replacement Sequential reactions are possible 21 , 22 and the concept of the total synthesis of inorganic nanostructures has been proposed There are, however, some notable differences between the behaviour of small ions and charged nanoscale species.

In contrast, the titration of positively charged NPs with negatively charged ones leads to a gradual increase in the NP aggregate size 26 until precipitation occurs at a point of electroneutrality that is, the number of positively charged ligands on the added NPs reaches the number of negatively charged ligands on the titrated ones. Further addition of the negatively charged NPs leads to dissolution of the precipitate and the formation of increasingly smaller NP aggregates Fig.

Source data. In contrast, relatively little attention has been devoted to studying electrostatic interactions across length scales, that is, between charged NPs and small molecules that bear opposite charges. Here we investigated the ability of small-molecule ions to mediate attractive interactions between oppositely charged NPs. Importantly, we found that a sharp transition between non-mediators and mediators occurs between doubly and triply charged molecules.

Taking advantage of this finding, we prepared a family of colloidal crystals and developed a dissipative self-assembly DSA system whereby NPs exist in the assembled state only during the continuous application of an oligoanion stimulus. A fundamental question to address when considering interactions between oppositely charged NPs and molecules is: what is the minimum number of charges on a small molecule required to induce attractive interactions with—and consequently, mediate the self-assembly of—oppositely charged NPs in water?

Irrespective of the diameter of the metallic core we worked with NPs of various sizes between 2. In all cases, aggregation was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy TEM , which showed the formation of mostly amorphous NP aggregates Supplementary Fig. To better understand these results, we performed molecular simulations of TMA-coated NPs interacting with HPO 4 2— and citrate as model doubly and triply charged anions, respectively for details, see Supplementary Section 4.

First, we studied the interactions between a positively charged NP surface and individual anions by all-atom AA molecular dynamics MD simulations Fig. We investigated the interactions between the positively charged NP surface and individual anions by AA metadynamics simulations 31 , 32 , 33 Fig. During these simulations, the anions bound to and unbound from the NP surface multiple times Fig.

To model the anion-mediated self-assembly of positively charged NPs on a larger scale, we utilized coarse-grained molecular dynamics CG-MD simulations Supplementary Section 4. Whereas both anions exhibited a strong affinity to the NPs, only citrates had the ability to bring the particles together during the CG-MD runs.

This conclusion is also evident from Fig. No further changes were observed with higher amounts of the titrant Fig. This aggregation profile is akin to that of the precipitation of a water-insoluble inorganic salt Fig. The Schulze—Hardy rule states that CCC is sensitive to the number of charges on the electrolyte, but not to the way these charges are distributed across the anion.

To address this question, we titrated 5. These experiments showed no appreciable difference in the behaviour of the titrant Supplementary Fig. We also worked with the substantially more rigid benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate, only to find that the titration profile remained the same. Based on these results, we conclude that the conformational flexibility of oligoanions has little effect on their propensity to mediate the assembly of positively charged NPs, at least in this series.

If the contribution of van der Waals interactions to the formation of NP aggregates is substantial, the largest NPs would aggregate first, followed by the 8. We found, however, that the aggregation profiles for all three NP sizes were practically the same, which indicates that the interparticle interactions in our system are governed predominantly by electrostatics. Remarkably, reversing the order of titration resulted in a drastically different NP aggregation behaviour.

Interestingly, however, the highest degree of aggregation was consistently observed after the addition of only one-third of the NPs required to achieve electroneutrality denoted by a dashed red line in Fig. To this end, we extended the CG-MD simulation and analysed the trajectory that covered the period from 0. We turned to machine learning to study the variability of the arrangement of citrates in the system. We used an unsupervised clustering method—specifically, the Probabilistic Analysis of Molecular Motifs 37 —employing the Smooth Overlap of Atomic Positions 38 as rich descriptors of the molecular environment that surrounded each citrate in the molecular model.

Such an analysis allows the classification of different citrates based on differences in the local environment that surrounds them during the CG-MD namely, pertaining to local order, persistency in the interactions and so on to follow the local variations and fluctuations in the citrate states and also to reconstruct the dynamic mobility of the citrates in different regions of the system The analysis subdivides the citrates in the system into three distinct clusters states : 1 citrates located at the interface between the two NPs red in Fig.

The movement and reshuffling of citrates between the three clusters during the CG-MD reveal the dynamics between the states Fig. The areas encircled by dashed-line ovals denote three local energy minima that correspond to citrates interacting with a single NP grey , located at the interface between the two NPs red and an intermediate state green.

The black arrows denote transitions between the three states, and the numbers next to the arrows indicate the relative probability of a given transition. The entity inside the turquoise square is a NP 55 Mackay cluster.

The three projections shown correspond to the fivefold left , threefold centre and twofold right symmetry. Bottom: matching projections of a model Mackay cluster. This analysis identified three local free-energy minima in the FES Fig. By tracking the individual citrates during the CG-MD simulation, we could monitor their transition probabilities between the three states.

Such probabilities, obtained by computing the transition matrix among the three different states from the clustering analysis of the CG-MD Supplementary Fig. These transition probabilities are extracted from a simplified CG model, and thus have a qualitative value; nonetheless, they can be compared to one another and are proportional to the rate constants of citrates in one state transitioning to another.

Moreover, we computed the mean square displacement of citrates in different clusters Supplementary Fig. Thus, these results demonstrate the internal dynamics of the system, in which the citrates at the interface between two bound NPs are less dynamic but not completely static than those bound to the surface of a single NP.

We hypothesized that the facile diffusion of oligoanions between positively charged NPs, as revealed by the MD simulations, might facilitate the transformation of the initial, mostly amorphous, aggregates into regular, crystalline assemblies which represent the thermodynamic minimum of the system.

To characterize the crystalline assemblies, we utilized cryogenic TEM cryo-TEM —a technique that preserves the native solution structures during imaging. Interestingly, whereas these aggregates appeared amorphous at a low magnification Fig. The formation of clusters that maximize the packing density of like-charged NPs may seem surprising, but is enabled by the presence of small, oppositely charged molecules that compensate for the electric charges on the NPs.

Based on our tomography results, we determined the nearest-neighbour distance within the Mackay icosahedron Fig. Given that the aggregate was composed of 4. As the annealing experiments shown in Fig. A previously reported method to generate ordered assemblies of ionic NPs is based on 1 generating amorphous aggregates by electrostatic interactions between oppositely charged nanosized entities, 2 adding an inorganic salt typically NaCl at a high concentration to screen the electrostatic interactions and therefore to disassemble the initial aggregates 41 , 42 , and 3 slowly decreasing the ionic strength of the solution by dialysis against pure water.

Although this strategy has been successfully applied to generate ordered assemblies of positively charged NPs and negatively charged DNA 43 , it is not applicable to our system, in which small-molecule anions would diffuse through the dialysis membrane and leave the solution, along with the screening agent. However, we hypothesized that this problem could be tackled by employing an intrinsically unstable screening agent that 1 bears no more than two negative charges on the anion to avoid mediating the NP assembly and 2 undergoes a spontaneous decomposition into non-ionic products, thus slowly reducing the ionic strength of the solution and triggering electrostatic interactions in the system.

These criteria are met by ammonium carbonate, whose added benefit is that the decomposition products NH 3 and CO 2 are gaseous and spontaneously leave the system 44 :.

Ammonium ions and ammonia are shown in red; carbonate ions and carbon dioxide are shown in blue. The size of the Au NPs was 7. For additional images, see Extended Data Fig. SAXS data are plots of scattered intensity I q versus the scattering vector q. Interestingly, the crystallinity of the assemblies was not compromised by the presence of relatively large uncharged moieties on the anions—for example, replacing triphosphate P 3 O 10 5— with ATP resulted in crystals of the same quality Supplementary Fig.

The largest crystals were obtained from 4. We believe that this long-range order is enabled by the mobility of the mediating oligoanions between the TMA-coated NPs as revealed by the MD simulations. This mobility particularly pronounced at the early stages of aggregation, when the ionic strength is still relatively high can enable the NPs to adjust their positions and optimize the packing within the aggregate, which ultimately results in a long-range crystalline order.

Analysis of the SEM images revealed that irrespective of the oligoanion used, the colloidal crystals exhibited morphologies habits typical of atomic crystals with a face-centred cubic fcc lattice 45 , including hexagonal plates Fig.

Moreover, we directly observed the lowest-energy crystal facets of fcc lattices, namely, and Extended Data Fig.

To confirm the fcc structure, we analysed colloidal crystals assembled from 4. This value of a corresponds to the NP centre-to-centre distance of 8.

We note that this value is slightly larger than those within Mackay icosahedra which were obtained from P 3 O 10 5— and the same batch of NPs ; this small increase can be attributed to the larger interparticle distance within an fcc lattice compared with that in a densely packed icosahedral cluster.

For the minor fcc species simulated by the blue trace in Fig. The two lattices coexisted throughout the aqueous suspension, although the relative intensities of their signals depended on the location within the sample. Interestingly, these results could be correlated with SEM imaging, which often showed a bimodal size distribution of the colloidal crystals.

For example, Supplementary Fig. We hypothesize that the small crystals might correspond to the minor that is, large- a lattice found by SAXS, and the larger ones to the major small- a one. We also investigated colloidal crystals composed of the same 4. To address this question, we synthesized 1 4. The above results indicate that small anions that bear three or more negative charges can mediate attractive interactions between positively charged NPs, which remain unassembled in the presence of mono- or dianions.

Such a charge reduction could occur as a result of the hydrolysis of multiply charged anions, which, owing to their high charge density, are often thermodynamically unstable and can be catalytically decomposed into smaller, mono- and dianionic species.